Method for making a self-converged void and bottom electrode for memory cell

ABSTRACT

A base layer, comprising an electrically conductive element, is formed. An upper layer, including a third, lower planarization stop layer, a second layer and a first, upper layer is formed on the base layer. A keyhole opening is formed through the upper layer to expose a surface of an electrically conductive element in the base layer. The first layer has an overhanging portion extending into the opening so that the opening in the first layer is shorter than in the second layer. A dielectric material is deposited into the keyhole opening to create a self-converged void within the deposited dielectric material. In some examples the keyhole forming step comprises increasing the volume of the first layer while in other examples the keyhole forming step comprises etching back the second layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/567,326 filed on 6 Dec. 2006, which application is related to the following US patent applications, assigned to the same assignee and having the same inventor: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/567,300, filed on 6 Dec. 2006, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/567,314 filed on 6 Dec. 2006.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

International Business Machines Corporation, a New York corporation; Macronix International Corporation, Ltd., a Taiwan corporation, and Infineon Technologies A.G., a German corporation, are parties to a Joint Research Agreement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to high density memory devices based on memory materials, for example resistor random access memory (RRAM) devices, and to methods for manufacturing such devices. The memory material is switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy. The memory materials may be phase change based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials, and other materials.

2. Description of Related Art

Phase change based memory materials are widely used in read-write optical disks. These materials have at least two solid phases, including for example a generally amorphous solid phase and a generally crystalline solid phase. Laser pulses are used in read-write optical disks to switch between phases and to read the optical properties of the material after the phase change.

Phase change based memory materials, like chalcogenide based materials and similar materials, also can be caused to change phase by application of electrical current at levels suitable for implementation in integrated circuits. The generally amorphous state is characterized by higher resistivity than the generally crystalline state; this difference in resistance can be readily sensed to indicate data. These properties have generated interest in using programmable resistive material to form nonvolatile memory circuits, which can be read and written with random access.

The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation, which includes a short high current density pulse to melt or breakdown the crystalline structure, after which the phase change material cools quickly, quenching the phase change process, allowing at least a portion of the phase change structure to stabilize in the amorphous state. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the phase change material element in the cell and by reducing the size of the contact area between electrodes and the phase change material, so that higher current densities are achieved with small absolute current values through the phase change material element.

One direction of development has been toward using small quantities of programmable resistive material, particularly in small pores. Patents illustrating development toward small pores include: Ovshinsky, “Multibit Single Cell Memory Element Having Tapered Contact,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,112, issued Nov. 11, 1997; Zahorik et al., “Method of Making Chalogenide [sic] Memory Device,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,277, issued Aug. 4, 1998; Doan et al., “Controllable Ovonic Phase-Change Semiconductor Memory Device and Methods of Fabricating the Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,253, issued Nov. 21, 2000.

In phase change memory, data is stored by causing transitions in the phase change material between amorphous and crystalline states using current. Current heats the material and causes transitions between the states. The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the active phase change material element in the cell. One problem associated with phase change memory devices arises because the magnitude of the current required for reset operations depends on the volume of phase change material that must change phase. Thus, cells made using standard integrated circuit manufacturing processes have been limited by the minimum feature size of manufacturing equipment. Thus, techniques to provide sublithographic dimensions for the memory cells must be developed, which can lack uniformity or reliability needed for large scale, high density memory devices.

One approach to controlling the size of the active area in a phase change cell is to devise very small electrodes for delivering current to a body of phase change material. This small electrode structure induces phase change in the phase change material in a small area like the head of a mushroom, at the location of the contact. See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,064, issued Aug. 6, 2002, to Wicker, “Reduced Contact Areas of Sidewall Conductor;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,353, issued Oct. 8, 2002, to Gilgen, “Method for Fabricating a Small Area of Contact Between Electrodes;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,501,111, issued Dec. 31, 2002, to Lowrey, “Three-Dimensional (3D) Programmable Device;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,156, issued Jul. 1, 2003, to Harshfield, “Memory Elements and Methods for Making Same.”

Accordingly, an opportunity arises to devise methods and structures that form memory cells with structures that have small active regions of programmable resistive material using reliable and repeatable manufacturing techniques.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One example of a method for creating a self-converged void within a dielectric material during the manufacture of a memory cell proceeds as follows. A base layer, comprising an electrically conductive element, is formed. An upper layer, including a third, planarization stop layer over the base layer, a second layer over the third layer, and a first layer over the second layer, is formed on the base layer. A keyhole opening is formed through the upper layer to expose a surface of the electrically conductive element and to create a first memory cell subassembly. The keyhole opening comprises a first, upper opening segment formed within the first layer, a second opening segment formed within the second layer, and a third opening segment formed within the third layer. The first and second opening segments have first and second widths. The first layer has an overhanging portion extending into the opening so that the first width is shorter than the second width. A dielectric material is deposited into the keyhole opening to create a second memory cell subassembly comprising a void within the deposited dielectric material, the void being a self-converged void within the keyhole opening. In some examples the keyhole forming step comprises increasing the volume of the first layer while in other examples the keyhole forming step comprises etching back the second layer.

An example of a method for creating a self-converged bottom electrode during the manufacture of a memory cell proceeds as follows. A second memory cell subassembly is created as discussed above. The second memory cell subassembly is etched anisotropically to form a sidewall of the dielectric material in the keyhole opening with an electrode hole aligned with the void and to expose the electrically conductive element. An electrode material is deposited into the electrode hole and in contact with the electrically conductive element to create a third memory cell subassembly. The third memory cell subassembly is planarized down to the third, planarization stop layer to create a fourth memory cell subassembly. The fourth memory cell subassembly has a bottom electrode of the electrode material and a flat top surface defined by the bottom electrode, the dielectric fill material, and the third layer.

An example of a method for creating a memory cell, including a self-converged bottom electrode within a dielectric material, proceeds as follows. A fourth memory cell subassembly is created as discussed above. A memory element is formed on the flat top surface and in contact with the bottom electrode to create a memory cell.

Other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen on review the figures, the detailed description, and the claims which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-7 illustrate stages in one example of a manufacturing process according to the invention;

FIG. 1 is a simplified side view of a first memory cell subassembly including a base layer and an upper layer with an opening formed in the upper layer;

FIG. 2 illustrates the results of an oxidation step on the structure of FIG. 1 to create a decreased size, keyhole opening;

FIG. 3 shows a result of an oxide deposition step with a self aligning void within the decreased size opening of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows the results of etching the structure of FIG. 3 to create an electrode hole opening extending to an electrically conductive element of the base layer;

FIG. 5 shows electrode material deposited onto the structure of FIG. 4 including into the electrode hole opening of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows the structure of FIG. 5 after chemical mechanical polishing to create a bottom electrode from the electrode material within the electrode hole opening;

FIG. 7 shows a memory material element formed on the bottom electrode, the memory material element connected to a top electrode; and

FIGS. 8-14 illustrate the stages of an alternative to the manufacturing process of FIGS. 1-7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description of the invention will typically be with reference to specific structural embodiments and methods. It is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specifically disclosed embodiments and methods but that the invention may be practiced using other features, elements, methods and embodiments. Preferred embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on the description that follows. Like elements in various embodiments are commonly referred to with like reference numerals.

FIG. 1 is a simplified side view of a first memory cell subassembly 10 including a base layer 12 and an upper layer 14. Base layer 12 includes a plug 18, acting as electrically conductive element 18, within an oxide layer 20. Plug 18 is typically made of TiN or tungsten while oxide layer 20 is typically made of silicon dioxide (SiO₂); other materials could also be used for oxide layer 20. Plug 18 is connected to appropriate isolation devices, such as transistors or diodes. Upper layer 14 comprises a first layer 22, a second layer 24, and a third layer 26 with the third layer being adjacent to base layer 12. In some embodiments third layer 26 acts as a planarization stop layer. In this embodiment first layer 22 is silicon, preferably polysilicon, second layer 24 is an oxide such as SiO₂, and third layer 26 is nitride, such as silicon nitride (SiN).

An opening 28 is formed through upper layer 14 to expose a surface 30 of plug 18, typically by lithographic techniques. As will be discussed in more detail below, it is preferred that the width or diameter of opening 28 be a minimum size opening based upon the minimum feature size of the process used, typically a minimum lithographic feature size, to create the opening. Using conventional lithographic techniques, the width or diameter of opening 28 will typically be about 90 nm and will typically vary about +/−10%, that is about +/−9 nm.

FIG. 2 illustrates the results of an oxidation step on the structure of FIG. 1 to create a decreased size, keyhole opening 32. The reduction in size of opening 28 is created by choosing a process step that will deposit material on or react with first layer 22 so to increase the volume of first layer 22. This creates overhang portion 33 while effectively not increasing the volume of second layer 24 or, in this method, of third layer 26. Keyhole opening 32 has a decreased first width 34 measured at first layer 22 and a second width 36 measured at second layer 24. The size of overhang portion 33 is equal to the difference between widths 36 and 34, termed overhang dimension 37. The widths are average widths. One process that may be used when first layer 22 is made of polysilicon and second layer 24 is made of SiO₂ is chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

The use of silicon, or some other appropriate material, for first layer 22 permits the formation of keyhole opening 32 without resorting to the conventional technique of removing material from second layer 24. Overhang portion 33 of layer 22 creates a smaller keyhole opening 32 than is possible with conventional techniques. That is, width 34 of keyhole opening 32 can be a sub lithographic width while with conventional techniques the keyhole opening is typically a minimum lithographic width. In some embodiments overhang dimension 37 is no more than about 10% of width 36.

FIG. 3 shows a result of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a dielectric material 38, typically SiO₂, to create a second memory cell subassembly 40. Other materials such as SiN or silicon oxynitride (Si₂N₂O) could also be used as dielectric material 38 and other procedures, such as CVD or low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) could be used to deposit dielectric material 38. This deposition creates a self aligning void 42 within the dielectric material 38 in keyhole opening 32. The lateral size or width of void 42 is smaller than would typically be achieved without the oxidation step of FIG. 2 creating the decreased size opening 32. In this way the size of void 42 can be primarily controlled by controlling the size of overhanging portion 33 rather than controlling the size of the originally formed opening 28.

The structure of FIG. 3 is then etched, see FIG. 4, preferably using an anisotropic etching process, to remove first layer 22, a portion of dielectric material 38, and a portion of second layer 24. Doing so creates a sidewall of dielectric material 38 and an electrode hole opening 44 extending to surface 30 of plug 18. The diameter or width of electrode hole opening 44 is also smaller than would typically be achieved if it were not for the oxidation step of FIG. 2 creating the reduced size void 42 shown in FIG. 3.

Overhang dimension 37 is not controlled by the technique for forming opening 28. Rather, the size of overhang portion 33, and thus overhang dimension 37, is determined by the volume changing process used. If overhang dimension 37 is about 15 nm and opening 28 is about 90 nm, with a typical 10% variance overhang dimension 37 will have a variance of about +/−1.5 nm, substantially less than the typical variance of +/−9 nm for opening 28. Therefore, the variance in the diameter or width of void 42 will be less than if it were based upon the original diameter or width of opening 28. Accordingly, both void 42 and opening 44 have self-converging widths and can be considered to be a self-converged void 42 and a self-converged electrical hole opening 44, respectively.

An electrode material 46 is deposited on the structure of FIG. 4 to create the third memory cell subassembly 48 of FIG. 5. Electrode material 46 is shown to fill the electrode hole opening 44 of FIG. 4. Electrode material 46 is typically TiN, although other electrode materials such as TiAl may also be used.

FIG. 6 shows third memory cell subassembly 48 of FIG. 5 after a planarization, material removal procedure, preferably a chemical mechanical polishing procedure, to create a fourth memory cell subassembly 50. This material removal step is carried out to stop at third layer 26 and create a flat outer surface 52. Doing so creates a bottom electrode 54 surrounded by dielectric material 38. The diameter or width 56 of bottom electrode 54 at surface 52 is substantially less than the minimum lithographic feature size used to create opening 28, preferably less than 50% and more preferably less than 30% of the minimum lithographic feature size. For example, if the minimum lithographic feature size used to create opening 28 is 90 nm, diameter or width 56 of bottom electrode 54 is preferably at most about 45 nm, and more preferably at most about 30 nm.

A memory material element 58 is shown in FIG. 7 formed on surface 52 of fourth memory cell subassembly 50 contacting bottom electrode 54. Memory material element 58 is preferably a resistive type memory material element, and more preferably is a phase change material such as GST. Also illustrated in FIG. 7 is a phase change region 60. As discussed above, the magnitude of the reset current needed for reset of a phase change type of memory material element 58 can be reduced by reducing the size of the contact area between bottom electrode 54 and memory material element 58 and thus reducing the size of phase change region 60. This results in higher current densities being achieved at phase change region 60 with small absolute current values through memory material element 58. Memory material element 58 is connected to a top electrode in a conventional fashion to create a memory cell 64.

FIGS. 8-14 illustrate steps of an alternative to the manufacturing process of FIGS. 1-7. In FIG. 8, corresponding to FIG. 1, the first and third layers 22, 26 are typically made of the same material, such as SiN, while second layer 24 is made of a different material, typically an oxide such as SiO₂. The structure of FIG. 8 is then subjected to a process, typically an etching process, which undercuts second layer 24 thereby reducing the volume of second layer 24 while not decreasing, and typically not changing, the volume of first and second layers 22, 26. If desired, first layer 22 and third layer 26 may be different materials so long as both do not increase in volume when subjected to a process that decreases the volume of second layer 24. One process that may be used when first and third layers 22, 26 are made of SiN and second layer 24 is made of SiO₂, is CVD. The result of this processing is shown in FIG. 9 and includes both overhanging portion 33 of first layer 22 and an inner extension 66 of third layer 26 extending inwardly into keyhole opening 32. The processing steps of FIGS. 10-14 correspond to those of FIGS. 2-7.

In some embodiments, first and second layers 22, 24 must be sufficiently different to create the overhanging portion 33 of first layer 22 of FIG. 2. Also, in some embodiments first and third layers 22, 26 must be sufficiently different from the second layer 24 to create overhanging portion 33 of first layer 22 and inner extension 66 of third layer 26 of FIG. 9. Subject to these as well as other requirements for different embodiments, various dielectric materials may comprise an electrical insulator including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Al, Ta, N, O, and C. In preferred devices, dielectric material 38 has a low thermal conductivity, less than about 0.014 J/cm*K*sec. In other preferred embodiments, when memory material element 58 is made from a phase change material, the thermally insulating dielectric material 38 may have a thermal conductivity less than that of the amorphous state of the phase change material, or less than about 0.003 J/cm*K*sec for a phase change material comprising GST. Representative thermally insulating materials include materials that are a combination of the elements silicon Si, carbon C, oxygen O, fluorine F, and hydrogen H. Examples of thermally insulating materials which are candidates for use for the thermally insulating dielectric material 38 include SiO₂, SiCOH, polyimide, polyamide, and fluorocarbon polymers. Other examples of materials which are candidates for use for the thermally insulating dielectric material 38 include fluorinated SiO₂, silsesquioxane, polyarylene ethers, parylene, fluoro-polymers, fluorinated amorphous carbon, diamond like carbon, porous silica, mesoporous silica, porous silsesquioxane, porous polyimide, and porous polyarylene ethers. In other embodiments, the thermally insulating structure comprises a gas-filled void for thermal insulation. A single layer or combination of layers within dielectric material 38 can provide thermal and electrical insulation.

Useful characteristics of a programmable resistive type of memory material, like a phase change material, include the material having a resistance which is programmable, and preferably in a reversible manner, such as by having at least two solid phases that can be reversibly induced by electrical current. These at least two phases include an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase. However, in operation, the programmable resistive material may not be fully converted to either an amorphous or crystalline phase. Intermediate phases or mixtures of phases may have a detectable difference in material characteristics. The two solid phases should generally be bistable and have different electrical properties. The programmable resistive material may be a chalcogenide material. A chalcogenide material may include GST. In following sections of the disclosure, the phase change or other memory material is often referred to as GST, and it will be understood that other types of phase change materials can be used. A material useful for implementation of a memory cell as described herein is Ge₂Sb₂Te₅.

A memory cell 64 as described herein is readily manufacturable using standard lithography and thin film deposition technologies, without requiring extraordinary steps to form sub-lithographic patterns, while achieving very small dimensions for the region of the cell that actually changes resistivity during programming. In embodiments of the invention, the memory material may be a programmable resistive material, typically a phase change material, such as Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ or other materials described below. The region in the memory material element 58 that changes phase is small; and accordingly, the magnitude of the reset current required for changing the phase is very small.

Embodiments of memory cell 64 include phase change based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials and other materials, for memory cell 64. Chalcogens include any of the four elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te), forming part of group VI of the periodic table. Chalcogenides comprise compounds of a chalcogen with a more electropositive element or radical. Chalcogenide alloys comprise combinations of chalcogenides with other materials such as transition metals. A chalcogenide alloy usually contains one or more elements from column six of the periodic table of elements, such as germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn). Often, chalcogenide alloys include combinations including one or more of antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and silver (Ag). Many phase change based memory materials have been described in technical literature, including alloys of: Ga/Sb, In/Sb, In/Se, Sb/Te, Ge/Te, Ge/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Te, Ga/Se/Te, Sn/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Ge, Ag/In/Sb/Te, Ge/Sn/Sb/Te, Ge/Sb/Se/Te and Te/Ge/Sb/S. In the family of Ge/Sb/Te alloys, a wide range of alloy compositions may be workable. The compositions can be characterized as Te_(a)Ge_(b)Sb_(100-(a+b)), where a and b represent atomic percentages that total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. One researcher has described the most useful alloys as having an average concentration of Te in the deposited materials well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranged in general from as low as about 23% up to about 58% Te and most preferably about 48% to 58% Te. Concentrations of Ge were above about 5% and ranged from a low of about 8% to about 30% average in the material, remaining generally below 50%. Most preferably, concentrations of Ge ranged from about 8% to about 40%. The remainder of the principal constituent elements in this composition was Sb. (Ovshinsky '112 patent, cols 10-11.) Particular alloys evaluated by another researcher include Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, GeSb₂Te₄ and GeSb₄Te₇. (Noboru Yamada, “Potential of Ge—Sb—Te Phase-Change Optical Disks for High-Data-Rate Recording”, SPIE v. 3109, pp. 28-37 (1997).) More generally, a transition metal such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and mixtures or alloys thereof may be combined with Ge/Sb/Te to form a phase change alloy that has programmable resistive properties. Specific examples of memory materials that may be useful are given in Ovshinsky '112 at columns 11-13, which examples are hereby incorporated by reference.

Phase change materials are capable of being switched between a first structural state in which the material is in a generally amorphous solid phase, and a second structural state in which the material is in a generally crystalline solid phase in its local order in the active channel region of the cell. These phase change materials are at least bistable. The term amorphous is used to refer to a relatively less ordered structure, more disordered than a single crystal, which has the detectable characteristics such as higher electrical resistivity than the crystalline phase. The term crystalline is used to refer to a relatively more ordered structure, more ordered than in an amorphous structure, which has detectable characteristics such as lower electrical resistivity than the amorphous phase. Typically, phase change materials may be electrically switched between different detectable states of local order across the spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. Other material characteristics affected by the change between amorphous and crystalline phases include atomic order, free electron density and activation energy. The material may be switched either into different solid phases or into mixtures of two or more solid phases, providing a gray scale between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. The electrical properties in the material may vary accordingly.

Phase change materials can be changed from one phase state to another by application of electrical pulses. It has been observed that a shorter, higher amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally amorphous state, and is referred to as a reset pulse. A longer, lower amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally crystalline state, and is referred to as a program pulse. The energy in a shorter, higher amplitude pulse is high enough to allow for bonds of the crystalline structure to be broken and short enough to prevent the atoms from realigning into a crystalline state. Appropriate profiles for pulses can be determined empirically, without undue experimentation, specifically adapted to a particular phase change material and device structure.

The following are short summaries describing four types of resistive memory materials.

1. Chalcogenide material

-   -   Ge_(x)Sb_(y)Te_(z)     -   x:y:z=2:2:5     -   Or other compositions with x: 0˜5; y: 0˜5; z: 0˜10     -   GeSbTe with doping, such as N—, Si—, Ti—, or other element         doping may also be used.     -   Formation method: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering         method with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, and/or He, etc         chalcogenide @ the pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr. The deposition         is usually done at room temperature. The collimator with aspect         ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To         improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to         several hundred volts is also used. On the other hand, the         combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used         simultaneously.     -   The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N2         ambient is sometimes needed to improve the crystallize state of         chalcogenide material. The annealing temperature typically         ranges 100 C to 400 C with an anneal time of less than 30         minutes.     -   The thickness of chalcogenide material depends on the design of         cell structure. In general, a chalcogenide material with         thickness of higher than 8 nm can have a phase change         characterization so that the material exhibits at least two         stable resistance states.

2. CMR (colossal magneto resistance) material

-   -   Pr_(x)Ca_(y)MnO₃     -   x:y=0.5:0.5     -   Or other compositions with x: 0˜1; y: 0˜1     -   Another CMR material that includes Mn oxide may be used     -   Formation method: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering         method with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, O₂, and/or He, etc. at the         pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr. The deposition temperature can         range from room temperature to ˜600 C, depending on the post         deposition treatment condition. A collimator with an aspect         ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To         improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to         several hundred volts is also used. On the other hand, the         combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used         simultaneously. A magnetic field of several ten gauss to 10,000         gauss may be applied to improve the magnetic crystallized phase.     -   The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂         ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient may be needed to improve the         crystallized state of CMR material. The annealing temperature         typically ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less than         2 hours.     -   The thickness of CMR material depends on the design of cell         structure. The CMR thickness of 10 nm to 200 nm can be used to         be the core material.     -   A buffer layer of YBCO (YBaCuO3, a kind of high temperature         superconductor material) is often used to improve the         crystallized state of CMR material. The YBCO is deposited before         the deposition of CMR material. The thickness of YBCO ranges 30         nm to 200 nm.

3. 2-element compound

-   -   Ni_(x)O_(y); Ti_(x)O_(y); Al_(x)O_(y); W_(x)O_(y); Zn_(x)O_(y);         Zr_(x)O_(y); Cu_(x)O_(y); etc     -   x:y=0.5:0.5     -   Other compositions with x: 0˜1; y: 0˜1     -   Formation method:     -   1. Deposition: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering method         with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, O₂, and/or He, etc. at the         pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr, using a target of metal oxide,         such as Ni_(x)O_(y); Ti_(x)O_(y); Al_(x)O_(y); W_(x)O_(y);         Zn_(x)O_(y); Zr_(x)O_(y); Cu_(x)O_(y); etc. The deposition is         usually done at room temperature. A collimator with an aspect         ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To         improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to         several hundred volts is also used. If desired, they combination         of DC bias and the collimator can be used simultaneously.     -   The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂         ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient as sometimes needed to improve         the oxygen distribution of metal oxide. The annealing         temperature ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less         than 2 hours.     -   2. Reactive deposition: By PVD sputtering or         magnetron-sputtering method with reactive gases of Ar/O₂,         Ar/N₂/O₂, pure O₂, He/O₂, He/N₂/O₂ etc. at the pressure of 1         mtorr˜100 mtorr, using a target of metal oxide, such as Ni, Ti,         Al, W, Zn, Zr, or Cu etc. The deposition is usually done at room         temperature. A collimator with an aspect ratio of 1˜5 can be         used to improve the fill-in performance. To improve the fill-in         performance, a DC bias of several ten to several hundred volts         is also used. If desired, the combination of DC bias and the         collimator can be used simultaneously.     -   The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂         ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient is sometimes needed to improve         the oxygen distribution of metal oxide. The annealing         temperature ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less         than 2 hours.     -   3. Oxidation: By a high temperature oxidation system, such as         furnace or RTP system. The temperature ranges from 200 C to 700         C with pure O₂ or N₂/O₂ mixed gas at a pressure of several mtorr         to 1 atm. The time can range several minute to hours. Another         oxidation method is plasma oxidation. An RF or a DC source         plasma with pure O₂ or Ar/O₂ mixed gas or Ar/N₂/O₂ mixed gas at         a pressure of 1 mtorr to 100 mtorr is used to oxidize the         surface of metal, such as Ni, Ti, Al, W, Zn, Zr, or Cu etc. The         oxidation time ranges several seconds to several minutes. The         oxidation temperature ranges room temperature to 300 C,         depending on the degree of plasma oxidation.

4. Polymer material

-   -   TCNQ with doping of Cu, C₆₀, Ag etc.     -   PCBM-TCNQ mixed polymer     -   Formation method:     -   1. Evaporation: By thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation, or         molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. A solid-state TCNQ and         dopant pellets are co-evaporated in a single chamber. The         solid-state TCNQ and dopant pellets are put in a W-boat or a         Ta-boat or a ceramic boat. A high electrical current or an         electron-beam is applied to melt the source so that the         materials are mixed and deposited on wafers. There are no         reactive chemistries or gases. The deposition is done at a         pressure of 10-4 torr to 10-10 torr. The wafer temperature         ranges from room temperature to 200 C.     -   The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂         ambient is sometimes needed to improve the composition         distribution of polymer material. The annealing temperature         ranges room temperature to 300 C with an anneal time of less         than 1 hour.     -   2. Spin-coat: By a spin-coater with the doped-TCNQ solution @         the rotation of less than 1000 rpm. After spin-coating, the         wafer is put to wait the solid-state formation @ room         temperature or temperature of less than 200 C. The waiting time         ranges from several minutes to days, depending on the         temperature and on the formation conditions.

For additional information on the manufacture, component materials, use and operation of phase change random access memory devices, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/155,067, filed 17 Jun. 2005, entitled Thin Film Fuse Phase Change Ram And Manufacturing Method,.

Is preferred that all or part of the portions of bottom electrode extension 54 contacting memory material element 58 comprise an electrode material, such as TiN, or another conductor selected for compatibility with the phase change material of memory material element 58. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, bottom electrode extension 54 is all made of TiN while the remainder of the bottom electrode, that is plug 18, comprises tungsten. Other types of conductors can be used for the plug structures and the top and bottom electrodes structures, including for example aluminum and aluminum alloys, TiN, TaN, TiAlN or TaAlN. Other conductors that might be used comprise one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, W, Mo, Al, Ta, Cu, Pt, Ir, La, Ni, Ru and O. TiN may be preferred because it makes good contact with GST (discussed above) as memory material element 58, it is a common material used in semiconductor manufacturing, and it provides a good diffusion barrier at the higher temperatures at which GST transitions, typically in the 600-700° C. range.

The above descriptions may have used terms such as above, below, top, bottom, over, under, et cetera. These terms are used to aid understanding of the invention are not used in a limiting sense.

While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is to be understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.

Any and all patents, patent applications and printed publications referred to above are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. A method for manufacturing a memory cell, comprising: forming a lower layer of dielectric material on a substrate; forming an upper layer of dielectric material on the lower layer; forming an opening through the upper and lower layers to expose a surface of the substrate, the opening comprising a first, upper opening segment formed within the upper layer, a second, lower opening segment formed within the lower layer, the first and second opening segments having first and second widths, the upper layer having an overhanging portion extending into the opening so that the first width is less than the second width; depositing a fill material by a process in the opening, causing formation of a void centered within the opening, and having a width determined by the difference between the first and second widths; anisotropically etching the fill material to open the void and then continuing to anisotropically etch the fill material to expose the substrate in an area having a width substantially equal to the width of the void, and stopping the etching to leave a sidewall of fill material on the sides of the opening in the second opening segment; forming an electrode aligned with the sidewall of fill material; and forming a layer of programmable resistive material on the electrode.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the opening forming step comprises increasing the volume of the upper layer.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the opening forming step comprises etching back the lower layer.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the opening forming step is carried out lithographically in a manner to create a minimum lithographic size opening for the opening forming step.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the opening forming step comprises: selecting a material for the upper layer that increases its volume when subjected to the process; selecting a material for the lower layer that does not increase its volume when subjected to the chosen process; forming the opening through the upper layer and lower layers to expose the surface of the substrate, the opening comprising the first, upper opening segment and the second, lower opening segment; and subjecting the upper and lower layers to the chosen process thereby increasing the volume of the upper layer and creating the overhanging portion extending into the opening while not increasing the volume of the lower layer.
 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the selecting steps comprises selecting silicon for the upper layer and selecting an oxide for the lower layer.
 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the opening forming comprises: selecting a material for the upper layer that does not decrease its volume when subjected to the process; selecting a material for the lower layer that is etched back and thereby decreases its volume when subjected to the chosen process; forming the opening through the upper and lower layers to expose a the surface of the substrate, the opening comprising the first, upper opening segment and the second, lower opening segment; and subjecting the upper and lower layers to the chosen process thereby etching back the lower layer thereby decreasing the volume of the lower layer while not decreasing the volume of the upper layer thereby creating the overhanging portion extending into the opening.
 8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the selecting steps comprise selecting silicon nitride for the upper layer and selecting silicon oxide for the lower layer.
 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fill material comprises silicon.
 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fill material comprises a dielectric material.
 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the lower layer forming step includes forming a planarization stop layer over the substrate.
 12. The method according to claim 11 wherein the step of forming an electrode comprises: filling the opening in the lower opening segment with an electrode material to form a subassembly; and planarizing the subassembly which stops using the planarization stop layer, leaving the electrode aligned with the sidewall of fill material.
 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises an electrically conductive element.
 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the opening through the upper and lower layers forming step comprises exposing a surface of the electrically conductive element. 